ABSTRACT Introduction: The emergence of orthodontic aligners has provided an aesthetic and comfortable option for orthodontic treatment. However, the encapsulated design of the aligners can influence the masticatory muscles, and might compromise safe treatment. Objective: This preliminary longitudinal study aimed to investigate whether the use of orthodontic aligners affects the biting force and myoelectric activity of the superficial masseter and anterior temporal muscles. Methods: Ten subjects participated in the study and underwent treatment during an 8-month follow-up period. The root mean square (RMS), the median power frequency (MPF) of the surface electromyography (sEMG) signals, and the biting force (kgf) were recorded and normalized relative to the pretreatment condition. The data were analyzed by repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the significance level set at 5%. Results: Both the superficial masseter and the anterior temporal muscles presented an increase in sEMG signal activity during the treatment, with a marked increase in the latter compared to the former (p<0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in bite force was evidenced (p<0.05). Conclusions: This preliminary study observed that the orthodontic aligners affected the muscle recruitment pattern of masticatory muscles, and reduced biting performance during the 8-month follow-up period.

RESUMO Introdução: O surgimento dos alinhadores ortodônticos tem proporcionado uma opção estética e confortável para o tratamento ortodôntico. No entanto, o design encapsulado dos alinhadores pode influenciar os músculos mastigatórios e comprometer a segurança do tratamento. Objetivo: Este estudo longitudinal preliminar teve como objetivo investigar se o uso de alinhadores ortodônticos afeta a força de mordida e a atividade mioelétrica dos músculos masseter superficial e temporal anterior. Métodos: Dez indivíduos participaram do estudo e foram submetidos a tratamento durante um período de acompanhamento de 8 meses. A raiz quadrada média (RMS), a frequência mediana de potência (FMP) dos sinais de superfície da eletromiografia (sEMG) e a força de mordida (kgf) foram registradas e normalizadas em relação à condição de pré-tratamento. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA), com nível de significância estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: Tanto o masseter superficial quanto o temporal anterior apresentaram aumento da atividade do sinal sEMG durante o tratamento, com aumento acentuado desse último em comparação ao primeiro (p<0,05). Além disso, foi evidenciada uma diminuição significativa da força de mordida (p<0,05). Conclusões: Esse estudo preliminar observou que os alinhadores ortodônticos afetaram o padrão de recrutamento muscular dos músculos mastigatórios e reduziram o desempenho da mordida durante o período de acompanhamento de oito meses.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar como o atual conceito e as fontes de evidências de validade são utilizados no âmbito da avaliação educacional em larga escala no Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise documental, por meio dos relatórios oficiais das maiores avaliações educacionais nacionais aplicadas no país. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que não são apresentadas fontes de evidências de validade suficientes para que se julgue que os testes educacionais analisados sejam válidos para o que se propõem. Ainda é necessário desenvolver o conhecimento técnico dos pesquisadores brasileiros que realizam estudos de validação de testes educacionais, especialmente no âmbito das informações que devem ser levantadas e apresentadas a fim de que se possam utilizar com confiança os resultados obtidos nas provas e nos testes educacionais aplicados no país.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze how the current concept of validity and its sources of evidence have been utilized on large-scale assessment in Brazil. We made a documentary analysis using the official reports of the most important national educational assessments. The results indicated that the reports do not present adequate information about sources of evidence validity, which makes unfeasible to judge the validity of the educational tests analyzed. In this context, it is difficult to say if these tests evaluate what they propose. Therefore, we conclude that, in Brazil, it is still necessary to improve both understanding about what validity is, and what information is necessary to be able to use with confidence the results of different assessments applied in Brazil.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar cómo el actual concepto y las fuentes de evidencia de validez se utilizan en el marco de la evaluación educativa a gran escala en Brasil. Para ello, se realizó un análisis documental, a través de los informes oficiales de las mayores evaluaciones educativas nacionales aplicadas en el país. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que no se presentan suficientes fuentes de evidencia de validez para juzgar que las pruebas educativas analizadas son válidas para lo que proponen. Aún es necesario desarrollar el conocimiento técnico de los investigadores brasileños que realizan estudios de validación de pruebas educativas, especialmente en el ámbito de la información que debe ser recolectada y presentada a fin de que se puedan utilizar con confianza los resultados obtenidos en los testes y pruebas educativas se apliquen en el país.

Resumo Em julho de 2020, durante visita em área de pequeno produtor localizada em Laranjal Paulista, São Paulo (Brasil), foram observadas mais de 20 plantas de pitaia-branca [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton e Rose (syn. Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt]apresentando enfezamento e cladódios cloróticos, com porções do caule em declínio. As raízes exibiam numerosas galhas, indicando típica infecção por Meloidogyne sp.. Nematoides foram recuperados de amostras de solo (200 cm³) e 7 g de raiz: 1,7 juvenis (J2) por cm³ de solo, e 954 ovos + J2 de Meloidogyne por grama de raiz foram obtidos. O padrão perineal de 10 fêmeas apontou para . M. incognitaAdicionalmente, o fenótipo de esterase foi obtido por meio de eletroforese de isoenzima. Essa foi realizada com 10 fêmeas adicionais, confirmando a identificação por M. incognita. Ao nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato de M. incognita infestando plantas de pitaia (Hylocereus spp.). e, baseado em nossa observação em campo, M. incognita pode ser um patógeno potencial a esta cultura.

Abstract In July 2020, during a survey carried out in a small farm located in Laranjal Paulista, state of São Paulo (Brazil), more than 20 white pitahaya plants [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton and Rose (syn. Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt] were found with stunting symptoms and showing chlorotic-yellowish stems, some of them already decaying. Roots exhibited numerous galls, indicating Meloidogyne sp. infection. Nematodes were recovered from 200 cm³ and 7 g of roots: 1.7 Meloidogyne juveniles (J2) per cm³ of soil and 954 eggs + J2 per g of roots were found. The perineal pattern of 10 females pointed to M. incognita. Additionally, esterase phenotype was obtained through isozyme electrophoresis, using another 10 females, which identified M. incognita. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. incognita infesting pitahaya plants (Hylocereus spp.) and, based on our results, M. incognita could be a potential threat to the crop.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We investigated the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) infection in patients with hematological diseases from the western Amazon region of Brazil. METHODS: Samples from 306 patients were submitted for the molecular diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 infection by real time PCR (qPCR), with amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the long terminal repeat (LTR) region. RESULTS: A 29-year-old male carrier of sickle cell anemia with a history of multiple blood transfusions was diagnosed with the HTLV-2c subtype. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the first known occurrence of HTLV-2c in the urban area of Brazil’s western Amazon region.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Mayaro virus (MAYV) was found in Pará state, Brazil, in 1955. Since then, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in different regions of the country. METHODS: Serum sample were collected from 49 individuals in 2016 and were initially tested for dengue virus (DENV) by real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DENV-negative samples were tested for MAYV and Oropouche virus (OROV) by multiplexed RT quantitative PCR. RESULTS: All samples were negative for DENV and OROV, but MAYV was detected in four samples. CONCLUSIONS: Differential diagnoses of acute febrile syndrome are required, especially in regions where several arboviruses with similar clinical manifestations are endemic.

RESUMO Tivemos como objetivo investigar a influência do polimorfismo do gene ACTN3 na responsividade à potencialização do desempenho de salto com contra movimento (CMJ) pós-ativação (PAPE). Dezesseis homens destreinados foram divididos em dois grupos: homozigotos para os alelos X (XX, n = 9) ou R (RR, n = 7). A altura de CMJ, a potência média e a força vertical aplicada durante o salto pelos participantes foram determinadas duas vezes (CMJ1 e CMJ2) em duas condições: controle (CON) e potencializado (PAPE). Na condição CON, os CMJ foram realizados antes e depois de um período de 15 minutos de repouso. Na condição PAPE, os CMJ foram realizados 15 minutos antes e 4 minutos após a realização de cinco agachamentos com carga de cinco repetições máximas (5RM). As diferentes condições foram realizadas em dias separados e em ordem randomizada. ANOVAs fatoriais de três caminhos foram utilizadas para comparar diferenças entre condições, tempos e grupos. O tamanho do efeito foi calculado pelo d de Cohen. Os tamanhos do efeito para alterações na altura de CMJ para os grupos CON e PAPE foram 0.04 e 0.08, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos XX e RR na altura de salto em condição basal (1.07 ± 2.54 cm e -0.82 ± 2.56 cm, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças significativas na responsividade à PAPE entre os grupos (XX = -0.20 ± 1.6 cm e RR = -0.81 ± 2.7 cm). O polimorfismo do gene ACTN3 parece não ser influenciar isoladamente a responsividade à PAPE.

ABSTRACT We aimed to investigate the influence of alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism on responsiveness to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of countermovement jumps (CMJ) in untrained subjects. Sixteen untrained men were allocated into two groups according to their ACTN3 gene alleles: homozygous for the X allele (XX, n = 9) or homozygous for the R allele (RR, n = 7). CMJ height, mean power output and vertical force were determined twice (CMJ1 and CMJ2) in two conditions: control (CON) and potentiated (PAPE). In the CON condition, CMJ were performed before and after a 15-min rest. In the PAPE condition, CMJ were performed 15 min before and 4 min following five squats with a 5-repetition maximum (5RM) load. Different conditions were applied on separate days in a randomized order. Statistical analysis involved three-way ANOVAs to compare the differences between conditions (CON and PAPE), time (CMJ1 and CMJ2), and groups (XX and RR). Significance level considered was p < 0.05. Effect sizes were calculated as Cohen’s d. The effect sizes for changes in CMJ height for CON and following pre-activation for PAPE were 0.04 and 0.08, respectively. No significant differences were found for CMJ height between XX and RR at baseline (1.07 ± 2.54 cm e -0.82 ± 2.56 cm, respectively). No differences were found (p>0.05) in responsiveness to PAPE between the groups (XX = -0.20 ± 1.6 cm and RR = -0.81 ± 2.7 cm). We conclude that ACTN3 gene polymorphisms does not influence responsiveness to PAPE.

RESUMO Objetivo: caracterizar impactos do distanciamento social ocasionado pela pandemia da doença do Coronavírus na vida de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus. Método: estudo descritivo quantitativo, realizado com 102 portadores de Diabetes Mellitus, por meio de formulário virtual, abordando questões sociodemográficas, de autocuidado e de saúde mental, no Brasil no período de maio a junho de 2020. A associação entre as variáveis foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: dos 45 (44,11%) que disseram se alimentar mal, 33 (32,35%) relataram mudanças de peso (p=0,008); com relação à saúde mental, 59 (57,84%) expuseram condições regulares ou ruins; com relação às consultas, 84 indivíduos (82,75%) alegaram interrupção ou irregularidade; dos 58 (56,86%) que declararam prejuízos socioeconômicos, 37 (36,27%) apresentaram dificuldades na adesão de insumos (p<0,000). Conclusão: medidas multiprofissionais devem ser focadas nos fatores que influenciam negativamente o controle metabólico, assim como em estabelecer atendimento a distância, para minimizar a diminuição da atenção assistencial.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the impacts of social distancing caused by the Coronavirus disease pandemic on the lives of people with Diabetes Mellitus. Method: a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out in Brazil from May to June 2020 with 102 patients with Diabetes Mellitus, through a virtual form, addressing sociodemographic, self-care and mental health issues. The association between the variables was assessed using the chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: of the 45 (44.11%) individuals who stated eating poorly, 33 (32.35%) reported weight changes (p=0.008); in relation to mental health, 59 (57.84%) presented regular or bad conditions; with regard to consultations, 84 individuals (82.75%) indicated interruption or irregularity; of the 58 (56.86%) who stated socioeconomic losses, 37 (36.27%) had difficulties in adherence to inputs (p<0.000). Conclusion: multi-professional measures must be focused on the factors that exert a negative influence on metabolic control, as well as on establishing remote care, to minimize the reduction in assistance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar los impactos del distanciamiento social provocado por la pandemia de la enfermedad por Coronavirus en la vida de las personas con Diabetes Mellitus. Método: estudio descriptivo cuantitativo, realizado con 102 pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus, a través de un formulario virtual, con el abordaje de temas sociodemográficos, de autocuidado y de salud mental, en Brasil de mayo a junio de 2020. La asociación entre variables fue evaluada por la prueba de chi-cuadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: de los 45 (44,11%) que admitieron comer mal, 33 (32,35%) reportaron cambios de peso (p=0,008); con respecto a la salud mental, 59 (57,84%) expusieron condiciones regulares o malas; En cuanto a las consultas, 84 personas (82,75%) alegaron interrupción o irregularidad; de los 58 (56,86%) que declararon pérdidas socioeconómicas, 37 (36,27%) tuvieron dificultades en la adhesión de insumos (p<0,000). Conclusión: las medidas multiprofesionales deben centrarse en los factores que influyen negativamente en el control metabólico, así como en el establecimiento de cuidados a distancia, para minimizar la disminución de la atención asistencial.

ABSTRACT Plant parasitic nematodes are major threats to Brazilian and world agriculture. Among them, Pratylenchus brachyurus and Meloidogyne incognita stand out as major pests for several crops, including corn, cotton, soybean among others, which can be components of integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems (ICLFs). In this context, information about the host status of eucalypts (Corymbia spp. and Eucalyptus spp.) to plant parasitic nematodes becomes more relevant in Brazil, due to the use of eucalypts in ICLFs. If tree components used on this system increase the population density of P. brachyurus and M. incognita, it is possible that these pathogens could damage shorter-cycle crops. Since information about the host status of eucalypts to plant parasitic nematodes is scarce, this study evaluated the host status of some eucalypt species to P. brachyurus and M. incognita. Two greenhouse trials were done to evaluate the reproduction of P. brachyurus and one to M. incognita, using some of the most cultivated species and hybrids of eucalypts in Brazil. The population growth of P. brachyurus increased on Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus dunnii × Eucalyptus urophylla, and E. grandis × E. urophylla after ~90 days of inoculation. Conversely, despite M. incognita reproducing well in the control plants, no individuals were recovered from C. citriodora, E. urophylla and E. grandis × E. urophylla, which were classified as resistant plants. Based on both obtained and available data, M. incognita poses no threat to eucalypt species today. However, P. brachyurus is suggested to be a threat to eucalypts.

Abstract Duplex and super duplex stainless steels have high corrosion resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and high impact strength. Such characteristics make these steels able to operate in various segments of the industry, especially in aggressive environments. These alloys have higher strength than austenitic and ferritic stainless steels and their operation is generally restricted to temperatures lower than 300 °C. Most steels and alloys only exhibit elasto-viscoplastic behavior at temperatures higher than 1/3 of the absolute melting temperature. The objective of this work was to make an experimental study showing that the duplex and superduplex steels present a rate-dependent behavior even at room temperature (around 25 °C). Two different alloys: duplex stainless steel UNS 31803F51 and super duplex UNS S32760GRF55 were used in the study. Simple models were proposed to describe how the rate-dependent portion of the stress (called at this paper “the viscous term”) depends on the strain rate. A simple procedure to identify experimentally all material constants that appear in the theory is presented. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the model predictions.

Oropouche virus (OROV) is an arthropod-borne virus of the Peribunyaviridae family, transmitted to humans primarily by Culicoides paraensis. It is one of the main arboviruses infecting humans in Brazil, primarily in the Amazon Region. Here, we report the detection of OROV in the saliva and urine of a patient whose samples were collected five days after the onset of symptoms. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis further confirmed the results. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the detection of OROV in the saliva and urine of an infected patient. In addition, the results of our study expand the current knowledge pertaining to the natural history of Oropouche fever.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common pathogen, which on infection causes variety of clinical conditions from benign self-limiting exanthematous disease and other similar pathologies to fetal death. METHODS: We collected 341 serum samples between the first and fourth day after the onset of symptoms from all patients suspected of dengue fever who were attended at Regional Hospital of Tefé. Initially, patients were screened for malaria by blood smear test and negative samples were sent to Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) situated in Manaus (AM) for dengue testing using semi-nested multiplex PCR. Further, we investigated 44 malaria and dengue-negative samples of children for B19V DNA by nested-PCR. Positive samples were analyzed by BLAST against entire public non-redundant nucleotide database and genotyped by phylogenetic analyses using neighbor-joining clustering method. RESULTS: Eight samples (18.2%) were found to be PCR positive. Fever, headache, ocular pain, and/or muscle pain were reported as the most frequent symptoms by the patients and none were diagnosed with rash at the time of sample collection. Phylogenetic analysis of major capsid protein 2 (VP2) and VP3 coding region showed high similarity with B19V genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the spread of B19V genotype 1 in Tefé. Moreover, our results emphasize the significance of laboratorial differential diagnosis using molecular techniques in patients with acute febrile, and thereby aid the health surveillance system in improving patient care even in the remote areas of Amazon.

RESUMO: Atualmente, o nematoide das lesões radiculares Pratylenchus brachyurus Godfrey é um dos principais patógenos para a soja no Brasil, principalmente em áreas com sucessão de milho ou algodão, que também são suscetíveis a P. brachyurus. Grandes esforços têm sido feitos a fim de encontrar uma cultura rentável que possa ser utilizada no manejo de P. brachyurus. O sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor L.) é relatado como resistente a P. brachyurus, porém com base em apenas um ensaio. Adicionalmente, o capim-sudão (S. bicolor var. sudanense) não é diretamente rentável, mas é apreciado pelos agricultores brasileiros por produzir pasto, material verde picado, silagem ou feno, mesmo sob condições hídricas desfavoráveis. Entretanto, não há nenhuma informação sobre a suscetibilidade dessa cultura a P. brachyurus. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade de cultivares de sorgo granífero e capim-sudão a P. brachyurus em dois ensaios em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento, foram testados o capim-sudão e os sorgos graníferos DKB 510, Dow 740, Dow 822, DKB 599 e AG 1040. No segundo experimento, capim-sudão e os cultivares de sorgo granífero Dow 740 e DKB 599 foram testados novamente. Os resultados de ambos os ensaios demonstraram que o capim-sudão e o sorgo granífero são suscetíveis a P. brachyurus. Esses resultados, mais os obtidos para outros tipos de sorgo, demonstram que S. bicolor e o capim-sudão devem ser evitados em áreas infestadas com P. brachyurus, já que essas culturas aumentam dramaticamente as densidades populacionais do nematoide das lesões no solo.

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) is a major pest of soybean in Brazil, mainly in areas using double cropping with maize or cotton, which are suitable hosts for P. brachyurus. A great effort has been made to find cash crops for P. brachyurus management. Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)] was classified as a non-host for P. brachyurus but based on a single trial. It would be a valuable option as a culture for double cropping with soybean, as it is profitable and can be used in root-lesion nematode management. Sudangrass (S. bicolor var. sudanense) is not directly profitable, but Brazilian farmers favor it because it can produce pasture, green chop, silage, or hay under unfavorable hydric conditions. However, no information is available regarding the suitability of sudangrass for P. brachyurus. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the suitability of grain sorghum and sudangrass for P. brachyurus in two glasshouse trials. The first trial tested sudangrass and grain sorghum ‘DKB 510’, ‘Dow 740’, ‘Dow 822’, ‘DKB 599’, and ‘AG 1040’. The second trial retested sudangrass and grain sorghum ‘Dow 740’ and ‘DKB 599’. The results demonstrated that sudangrass and grain sorghum were suitable hosts for P. brachyurus. These results, in addition to those obtained for other types of sorghum, emphasize that S. bicolor and sudangrass should be avoided in fields infested with P. brachyurus, as they increase the nematode population.

Measles is a human infectious disease of global concern that is caused by the measles virus. In this study, we report the complete genome sequencing of one measles virus isolate, genotype D8, that was obtained directly from a urine sample in Boa Vista city, the capital of Roraima state in Brazil. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped the genome described in this study with that of samples from Australia, South Korea, and Italy. To our knowledge, this is the first complete genome sequence of a wild-type measles virus reported from Latin America. Therefore, the present data strengthen the current knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of measles worldwide.

ABSTRACT Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem. HBV has a high viral genetic diversity, with 10 genotypes recognized. In Brazil, the Roraima State is the third in the Northern region regarding the number of hepatitis B cases. On the other hand, few data on HBV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis are available. The purpose of this study is to characterize the HBV genotypes circulating in Roraima State. Of the 113 chronic hepatitis B patients enrolled in this study, 40 were HBV-DNA positive. A fragment of 280 bp (S gene) was amplified by PCR and submitted to nucleotide sequencing. A dataset containing the viral sequences obtained in this study, plus 130 obtained from GenBank was used for genotyping by phylogenetic analysis. The HBV subgenotype distribution found was A1 (62.5%), A2 (7.5%), D2, D3, D4 (2.5%), F2a (12.5%), and F3 (10%). We characterized the genotypes and subgenotypes of HBV circulating among patients in the State of Roraima. In addition, our study shows for the first time the HBV/F3 genotype circulating in Brazil. In conclusion, our findings showed a high diversity of HBV genotypes in Roraima, which is also found in other Brazilian geographical regions.

Este artículo se centra en la alfabetización en salud y en el análisis de la legibilidad como una guía para mejorar la información de la salud. Con base en una selección de materiales sobre la salud y el bienestar, procedentes de Internet, mostramos que la información disponible, tanto en portugués como en inglés, está escrita en un nivel de complejidad probablemente superior a la comprensión de la población en general. Al mismo tiempo, proponemos un ajuste al modelo de análisis de legibilidad SMOG, para que pueda ser utilizado en información escrita en portugués. Concluimos el articulo con una agenda de investigación para informar la práctica y el debate político.

Este artigo centra-se na literacia em saúde e na análise de legibilidade como um guia para a melhoria da informação de saúde. Com base numa seleção de materiais sobre a saúde e o bem-estar, provenientes da Internet, mostramos que a informação disponível, tanto em português como em inglês, está escrita num nível de complexidade provavelmente superior ao entendido pela população em geral. Ao mesmo tempo, propomos um ajuste ao modelo de análise de legibilidade SMOG, para que possa ser utilizado em informação escrita em português. Concluímos o artigo com uma agenda de pesquisa para informar a prática e o debate político.

This paper focuses on health literacy and readability analysis as a guide for enhancing health information. Based on a selection of Internet-derived health and well-being materials, we show that the information available in both Portuguese and English is at a level likely to be too complex for the general population to understand. We also show a possible formula for adapting enabling the SMOG readability analysis tool so that it can be applied to information written in Portuguese and conclude the paper with a research agenda to help inform practice and policy debate.